The Revolutions of 1848 Essay -- World History Revolution Essays

The Revolutions of 1848 The Revolutions of 1848 have been described as the â€Å"greatest revolution of the century†1. From its mild beginnings in Palermo, Sicily in January 1848, it did not take long to spread across the rest of Europe (Britain and Russia were the only countries not to experience such revolutions). â€Å"In 1848 more states on the European continent were overcome by revolution than ever before and ever since†2. The Revolutions became more radical but after June 1848 these revolutionary events began to overlap with those of counterrevolutionary actions, thus enabling the old regimes to return to power. 1848 was described as â€Å"a sunny spring of the peoples abruptly interrupted by the winter of the princes†3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It has often been said†¦that in 1848†¦European history reached its turning point and failed to turn†4. There are a variety of reasons that can be given for the failure of the Revolutions, these include the divisions amongst revolutionaries, the continuing social and economic problems of the countries involved, the difficulty in replacing the old regimes and the problem of the new inexperienced electorates. There does not appear to be one clear, defining reason which led to the old regimes regaining power after the 1848 Revolutions. All the factors seem to be equally important and to some extent, connected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Across Europe, the revolutionaries of 1848 came from a variety of different social backgrounds and they all held different political beliefs. They could be liberals, republicans, nationalists or socialists and therefore they all wanted different things out of the Revolutions. Each group was also internally divided, with a radical faction and a more moderate one. Initially they all joined forces to overthrow the existing regimes with which they were discontent. However once power was in their hands, they found that ‘Revolutionary Consensus’ was virtually impossible. Their initial victory was â€Å"followed by ensuing struggle to implement change†5. The people had taken to the streets not knowing what they would do if they did manage to take power. Now that they had, because of their different individual aims, they found it hard to compromise. This eventually led to a growing split between moderates and radicals, as well as between social classes , particularly in France. The moderates did not want a government based on universal male... ... voted into the new republic. â€Å"France was a republic, but one now in the hands of an assembly dominated by conservatives, many of whom were monarchists†7.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As you can see all these factors enabled the reactionary regimes to return to power after the 1848 Revolutions. I do not think that one was more influential than another but that they are all connected. Perhaps without one, another may not have had such an effect. For example, the existence of social and economic difficulties increased the divisions between the revolutionaries. They found it increasingly difficult to agree with one another on how to combat them, let alone be able to compromise on a new form of government. Also if the new widened franchise had not been so inexperienced the revolutionaries would have had an easier time replacing the old regimes, which had in fact not been that strong to start with. The reactionary regimes regained power so quickly because of all of these reasons and although the 1848 Revolutions had emphasised the â€Å"ineptitude and impotence†8 of the old sovereigns and governments, they brought with them too many resentmen ts, grudges and radical changes, for which Europe was not yet ready.

Rising Demand In Store For Chemical Engineering Environmental Sciences Essay

Thermodynamicss are theoretical accounts that are used to calculate physical belongingss of crude oil fluids need for chemical procedure design and extraction operations in crude oil related industries. Besides process simulators that are used in chemical procedures and operational intents are normally prepared with every bit many as a twelve or more of thermodynamic theoretical accounts that give support during chemical procedure of crude oil fluids. The basic input parametric quantities needed for usage in these theoretical accounts are important invariables, acentric factor, and molecular weights of certain chemicals such as Pentane. On the other manus, crude oil fluids are chiefly mixtures of hydrocarbon compounds in the signifier of liquids and gases. Citation 2 Alivev, T.L. â€Å" rough oil processing. † Chemical Engineering Research. New York, New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, 2006. Print. The oil production industry operates on a wide mixture of chemical procedures that can assist it to profit from progress mold and control techniques. The traditional additive control techniques can be applied to most processing systems that frequently consequences in sub-optimal closed-loop public presentation. The current work nowadayss patterning and control of a refinery installation simulation utilizing 2nd order Volterra series theoretical accounts and a nonlinear theoretical account prognostic control preparation. Realistic procedure informations were generated utilizing a dynamic refinery simulation theoretical account. Results show that a second-order Volterra theoretical account can be used to stand for the chemical works that exhibits both nonlinear additions and nonlinear kineticss. Citation 1 Spright, J.G. â€Å" The Effect of Asphaltenes And Resin Constituents on Recovery and Refining Processes. † Petroleum Asphaltene. portion 2. Laramie, Wyoming: Cadmium & A ; W inc. , 2004. Print. Petroleum is a complex but a carefully balanced system that depends on the relationship of the constitutional fractions to each other and the relationships are operated by the chemical science of molecular interactions. Furthermore, some facets of recovery and refinement chemical science, particularly the chemical science of the deposition of asphaltienic can be proposed by virtuousness of the surveies that have led farther cognition of the nature of asphaltene components and the rosin components and peculiarly the nature of their interaction in oil. Besides there are alterations that occur during procedure that will mess up the balance of the crude oil system, such as chemical change of components and accelerators during thermic recovery procedure. Citation 5 Stamps, A.T. â€Å" Outlook for Chemical Engineers. † 2008 American Control Conference, ACC. California: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, 2008. Print. The current province of chemical technology and procedure control is really of import to the many different industries in the universe today ; Such as the crude oil, petrochemical, pharmaceutical and the medical industries. The job is there are non many chemical applied scientists out at that place today that can help in all of the undermentioned industries. The demand for chemical applied scientists is at an all clip high particularly in the crude oil industries. the crude oil industry presently find itself viing for progressively thin chemical applied scientists as the demand for applied scientists grows in emerging industries such as biotechnology and semiconducting materials. In the following 10 old ages the demand for chemical applied scientists will lift dramatically. Citation 5 Wrench, , Richard. â€Å" Refining/processing. † Oil & A ; Gas Journal. Tulsa, Oklahoma: PennWell Publishing Company, 1998. Print Long ago the most frequent technique to spate rough oil and crude oil was to divide different constituents by utilizing a technique called fractions. In order to utilize fractions to divide constituents you have to make it by utilizing the differences in boiling temperature by fundamentally heating up rough oil to allow it zap and so compact the vapour. Nowadays, the most preferable technique to separate constituents in rough oil or petro fuels is through chemical processing. Chemical procedure can check longer ironss of oil into shorter 1s, through this oil refineries have the ability turn rough oil into Diesel fuel which is so can be turned into gasolene depending on the demand. Citation 6 Williamss, British shilling. â€Å" Rising demand in shop for chemical technology. † Oil & A ; Gas Journal. Tulsa, Oklahoma: PennWell Publishing Company, 1989. Print. Chemical applied scientists are in high demand in today ‘s crude oil and energy industries. There is a Strong demand for chemical applied scientists in the refinement and petrochemical sectors, which will go on the remainder of the century. Besides, demand for chemical technology expertness will speed up upstream every bit good, as lifting oil and gas monetary values revive the economic sciences of enhanced oil recovery and alternate fuels development. Beyond traditional attempts to better resource recovery and procedure works operations, chemical applied scientists face much bigger challenges such as covering with environmental, wellness, and safety concerns that are of import, because of the displacement to a more cleansing agent and green ways to provide energy. Chemical applied scientists face a bright but more ambitious hereafter in the U.S. crude oil industry. Strong demand for chemical applied scientists, particularly in the refinement and petrochemical sectors, will go on the remainder of the century. Demand for chemical technology expertness will speed up upstream every bit good, as lifting oil and gas monetary values revive the economic sciences of enhanced oil recovery and alternate fuels development. The crude oil industry will happen itself viing for progressively scarce chemical applied scientists as demand for them grows in emerging industries such as biotechnology and semiconducting materials. Chemical technology faces a close term deficit in forces even as research needs turn more intense. Beyond traditional attempts to better resource recovery and procedure works operations, chemical applied scientists face a much bigger challenge covering with environmental, wellness, and safety concerns. Those are among the positions of 1989 American Institute of Chemical Engineering Pres. Edward R. H. McDowell on the mentality for U.S. chemical technology. McDowell, retired director of the Chevron Oil Field Research Co. ‘s reservoir technology division in La Habra, Calif. , developed Chevron ‘s computing machine simulated mold of EOR procedures. He besides developed the computing machine plan Chevron uses worldwide to take sites for production and injection Wellss to afford maximal recovery. Prospects outstanding. McDowell sees outstanding chances for chemical applied scientists, particularly in downstream sectors of the crude oil industry. That cheery mentality is n't born of a belief in go oning roar conditions in those industries. McDowell echoed the decisions of a 1988 AIChE undertaking force that questioned the long term viability of the U.S. oil and chemical industries. That undertaking force saw limited growing in front for both U.S. industries because of the impregnation of the U.S. car market, increasing foreign competition, and environmental and regulative restraints. Even with that, â€Å" there are major technological alterations that are traveling to happen in refinement and petrochemicals, and chemical applied scientists are the 1s that will be responsible for those alterations. † Noteworthy among those needed alterations will be chemical applied scientists ‘ challenge to do workss run more expeditiously by bettering procedures and bettering instrumentality and controls in those procedure, he said. â€Å" On the production side, there is a batch of work that can be done in happening the particular enhanced oil recovery procedure that will work in an single oil field and so steering that procedure to do it work. † One critical country in EOR is understanding the thermodynamics of thermic EOR techniques — the reaction chemical science of heat transportation. Computer edification. Chemical applied scientists should work to better their edification in computing machine mold capablenesss, McDowell said. â€Å" Many major progresss have been made in systems for imitating complex chemical technology processes and procedure control. â€Å" The coming of supercomputers has allowed us to do much more elaborate computations of highly complex chemical technology systems, even in dynamic footings. â€Å" On the other manus, little workstations have brought major calculating power and artworks shows to the applied scientist ‘s desk. This consequences in a much better experiencing for what the Numberss on mountains of computing machine paper mean. † That greater capableness, in bend, will take to better instrumentality and increased cognition of how chemical procedures work, thereby progressing procedure control. Improved computing machine edification for the chemical applied scientist applies upriver every bit good as downstream, McDowell contends. He sees an emerging demand for really big reservoir simulations to assist in planing upstream undertakings — primary and secondary every bit good as EOR. Alternate fuels. Chemical applied scientists will play a polar function in how far the U.S. turns to jump fuels to cover with environmental and energy security concerns, McDowell said. Of particular note are attempts to develop alternate transit fuels such as methyl alcohol to assist cover with concerns about the nursery consequence — planetary warning due to the buildup of certain gases such as C dioxide in the stratosphere. McDowell sees it as a existent quandary, given the overpowering dependance of the universe on fossil fuel and uncertainness over whether the nursery consequence is a existent menace. â€Å" It ‘s traveling to be really difficult to fire any fossil fuel without bring forthing some CO [ 2 ] . † He sees the concern over depletion of the ozone bed caused by halogenated CFCs ( CFCs ) as more clear cut, nevertheless. Chemical applied scientists have been instrumental in developing options as manufacturers phase our Chlorofluorocarbons with replacements. Energy concerns. McDowell thinks AIChE ‘s 1983 white paper on man-made fuels may hold to be revised in visible radiation of turning U.S. dependance on oil imports. That white paper cited a national security demand for developing a U.S. synfuels industry. It outlined how chemical applied scientists can supply expertness in communities ‘ exigency response plans in the event of another energy crisis. â€Å" In the 1970s, we heard that there would be so many energy undertakings to bring forth liquid fuels from oil, shale, and coal at that place would n't be adequate chemical applied scientists to plan, concept, and run these workss. â€Å" Today, it is difficult to happen even a bench graduated table research undertaking on developing these man-made beginnings of energy. â€Å" In the 1970s and 1980s, we found that the sum of oil produced and the monetary value of that oil were no longer put in Houston, New York, or even Washington but were determined in the Middle East. In the early 1980s, economic experts forecast oil monetary values of $ 40, $ 50, $ 70, and $ 80/bbl. In world, nevertheless, the monetary value dropped to less than $ 10/bbl for a short clip. † The U.S. needs to look at energy supply/demand in a planetary context if it intends to decide its energy jobs, McDowell said. â€Å" It may non be popular right now with our leaders, but atomic energy may hold a function to play down the route. That does n't intend the crude oil industry has a hapless hereafter. Hydrocarbons still will be needed for petrochemicals and other merchandises, and crude oil is such a various natural stuff there will be a demand for it for many old ages to come. † Environmental concerns. One of chemical technology ‘s most of import functions will be to get by with jobs associated with risky and toxic waste handling and disposal, McDowell said. â€Å" Chemical applied scientists have been educated and trained to be job convergent thinkers. The best manner to work out the job of toxic waste handling and disposal is to minimise the sum of its production. † The chemical applied scientist ‘s first focal point should be on how to plan or choose a procedure based on which one best minimizes production of toxic waste, he said. â€Å" For illustration, there ‘s a batch of research and development being carried out on happening ways to concentrate a toxic waste watercourse in such a manner as to do the job more easy manageable or to happen other ways toxic by-products can be recycled safely and economically. † McDowell sees first-class entrepreneurial chances for chemical applied scientists in environmental direction as more chemical companies emphasis strong environmental plans to ease the populace ‘s wellness and safety concerns over toxic substances. â€Å" Take a expression at what Monsanto is wearing — seeking to cut down all of its waste chemicals to zero within a specified clip. That is a enormous sum of paperwork entirely. † McDowell believes chemical technology ‘s research needs in the crude oil industry should concentrate as much on environmental concerns as on seeking to better the recovery of natural stuffs and the output of merchandises. Chief among needed research countries are air quality jobs at refineries and the menace of groundwater taint by hydrocarbons, he said. AIChE ‘s function. AIChE will concentrate on two countries of public personal businesss to heighten the function of chemical applied scientists in U.S. society. McDowell sees local AIChE subdivisions as the key. AIChE will enlist more chemical applied scientists in local subdivisions to work with local authorities functionaries in guaranting sensible ordinances in countries such as procedure safety, trusting on chemical applied scientists ‘ traditional function as job convergent thinkers. â€Å" For illustration, the New Jersey local subdivisions have been recognized by that province ‘s governor for their outstanding part to exigency response planning. † AIChE besides plans to develop more white documents for authorities organic structures such as Congress and the Environmental Protection Agency on proficient issues. AIChE under McDowell ‘s auspices is endeavoring to break its service to members. In response to ailments about AIChE ‘s proficient plans being excessively academic and missing relevancy to operational applications, McDowell appointed a staff manager for scheduling and will force for more scheduling with other societies. AIChE besides boosted its member communications attempts with start-up of a monthly member newspaper. McDowell besides wants to prosecute outreach attempts overseas. â€Å" With the U.S. industry topic to more planetary competition, we need an expanded, better defined policy of how we relate to our sister chemical technology societies in other states and how we support AIChE members working overseas. † Employment concerns. One of the association ‘s most of import enterprises, said McDowell, is its new engineering commission ‘s plan to make out to industries AIChE believes are underutilizing chemical applied scientists, particularly among emerging engineerings. â€Å" Of peculiar involvement to chemical applied scientists are those specialising in biotechnology, advanced stuffs, and new stuffs. However, these endeavors have for the most portion been started and run by either life scientists or electrical applied scientists. Not as many chemical applied scientists as we would hold hoped hold found occupation chances in these turning concerns. â€Å" Even though unemployment does n't look to be a job today, we are on the sentinel for the following rhythm. . . to state proficient direction in industries where chemical applied scientists are underutilized what chemical applied scientists can make, thereby broadening employment chances in our profession. † At the same clip, chemical applied scientists are underutilized in the crude oil industry, McDowell feels. The restructuring and consolidation that swept the crude oil industry in the early 1980s cost many chemical applied scientists their occupations. â€Å" Today, as a consequence, many chemical applied scientists are no longer working for major chemical or crude oil companies, which had appeared to assure womb-to-tomb employment. Alternatively, we find chemical applied scientists working for little companies as independent advisers and as contract labour. † â€Å" The workss that survived this restructuring are now running expeditiously. But really small attempt is being made in research, modernisation of the works, or go oning instruction and development of the work force. † Manpower squeezing. The downswing in the crude oil industry, which traditionally has accounted for about half of U.S. chemical technology employment, besides cut undergraduate registration in the subject. In 1987, about 10-11 % of chemical technology graduates went to work in the crude oil fuels industry and about 40 % in chemicals treating. â€Å" Registrations are down because of hapless industry conditions, † said McDowell. â€Å" At the same clip, demand for chemical technology alumnuss is turning. Presently, most alumnuss each have at least two occupation offers. † Much of the increasing demand for chemical technology alumnuss will come from the subjects spectrum broadening into other engineerings such as semiconducting material research and biotechnology. Thus crude oil companies will happen themselves viing more for chemical technology endowment with other industries every bit good as with each other. â€Å" The whole state needs to be really concerned about where its hereafter proficient expertness is coming from, † McDowell said. â€Å" Industry in peculiar demands to supply more calling counsel for minorities. † It ‘s all portion of a subject holding to get by with rapid alteration in the primary industries it serves, McDowell noted. â€Å" One thing I can state you is that the following 10 old ages will convey every bit many alterations as the past 20 have. † Subject: A CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGA ( 94 % ) ; A PETROLEUM PRODUCTSA ( 91 % ) ; A ENGINEERINGA ( 90 % ) ; A PETROCHEMICALSA ( 90 % ) ; A CHEMICALS MARKETSA ( 90 % ) ; A OIL & A ; GAS INDUSTRYA ( 90 % ) ; A PETROLEUM & A ; COAL PRODUCTS MFGA ( 90 % ) ; A OIL EXTRACTIONA ( 90 % ) ; A PETROCHEMICALS INDUSTRYA ( 89 % ) ; A RESEARCHA ( 89 % ) ; A MODELING & A ; SIMULATIONA ( 89 % ) ; A COMPUTER SIMULATIONA ( 87 % ) ; A CHEMICALSA ( 79 % ) ; A CHEMICALS MFGA ( 79 % ) ; A CHEMISTRYA ( 79 % ) ; A PETROCHEMICAL MFGA ( 78 % ) ; A PETROLEUM REFINERIESA ( 78 % ) ; A OIL & A ; GAS PRICESA ( 73 % ) ; A BIOTECHNOLOGY & A ; GENETIC SCIENCEA ( 71 % ) ; A PHYSICSA ( 70 % ) ; A Heart: A CVX ( NYSE ) A ( 92 % ) ; A Industry: A NAICS324110 PETROLEUM REFINERIES A ( 92 % ) ; A NAICS211111 CRUDE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS EXTRACTIONA ( 92 % ) ; A SIC2911 PETROLEUM REFINERIES A ( 92 % ) ; A NAICS 213112 OIL & A ; GAS INDUSTRYA ( 90 % ) ; A Person: A ANN LIVERMOREA ( 56 % ) ; A Organization: A AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERSA ( 59 % ) ; A State: A UNITED STATESA ( 95 % ) ; A Company: A CHEVRON CORPA ( 92 % ) ; A A A AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERSA ( 59 % ) ; A Language: English Series: This is the first of three articles on the mentality for U.S. chemical technology, observing the centenary of its birth at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1888-89. Graphic: Cover Photo, Staff Engineer Dr. Lori Hasselbring infusions residue from air sensitive accelerators, portion of Phillips Petroleum Co. ‘s research to back up turning demand for forte chemicals. A revival in chemical technology is due chiefly to the resurgence of the petrochemical and refinement industries. The mentality for U.S. chemical technology is the topic of three upcoming OGJ articles. The first, an interview with American Institute of Chemical Engineers Pres. Edward R. H. McDowell. ; Illustration, 100th day of remembrance, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ; Picture, Edward R. H. McDowell, As many alterations in the following 10 old ages as in the past 20.

Compare and Contrast the Portrayal of the Gods in Virgils...

COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE PORTRAYAL OF THE GODS IN VIRGILS AENEID AND OVIDS METAMORPHOSES. There is a significant difference in the treatment of the gods in the Aeneid and the Metamorphoses, even though both authors were writing in the epic tradition. Virgil wrote his Aeneid in the last ten years of his life, between 29BC and 19BC, after the Battle of Actium, in 31BC, which was significant, as it established Octavian as the sole emperor, Augustus, of Rome. The Aeneid is a celebration of Augustus achievements and rejoices in the development of Rome. There is a great sense of political propaganda, as well as an historical element, as it illustrates the origins of the Roman people. In contrast, Ovid conceived a different†¦show more content†¦That is, Poseidon avidly pursued Odysseus, throughout his journey back to Ithaca, as he had blinded his son, Polyphemus; for example, in Book 5, he creates a storm and shipwrecks Odysseus. Likewise, Juno persuades Aeolus, king of the winds, to create a storm that is consequently stopped by Neptune: A howling gust from due north took the sail aback and lifted wavetops to heaven.[3] These two comparisons of Juno with Hera and Poseidon, depict the Virgilian goddess as being hateful, resentful and vengeful. The fact that Virgil links Juno with the Homeric gods also gives her character an element of seriousness and austerity. However, there is also a sense of injustice, as Junos actions seem unwarranted towards Aeneas, as she acts out of personal hatred towards him. It is also significant that Neptune only calms the storm, as it threatens the peace of his seas, and not because he pities the wretched Aeneas: Power over the sea and the cruel trident were never his (Aeolus), but mine.[4] This emphasises that the gods can be cruel, illustrated by the misuse of Junos power to influence Aeolus, to start a storm; as well as, selfish and unjust. In contrast, theShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast The Gods In Ovid And The Aeneid1987 Words   |  8 Pagesobjective of the essay is to compare the roles of the gods as shown in Ovid’s book and Virgil’s book. The gods are perceived to be differently described in the two books and that makes the analysis of the gods in the essay to be conclusive. Ovid and Virgil are writers in the epic tradition but the way they treat gods in Aeneid and metamorphoses displays a difference. Aeneid was written between 29BC up to 19BC after the battle of Actium was fought in 31BC. The Aeneid was written as a celebration